What is the best line for spin fishing?

General Use: 8-12 lb test monofilament is your all-around workhorse. It’s tough enough for most freshwater species and offers decent casting distance. Remember to check for nicks and abrasion regularly – a weak spot can ruin your day. Consider using a leader of fluorocarbon for increased abrasion resistance near structure.

Clear Water/Finesse: 6-10 lb test fluorocarbon is nearly invisible underwater, crucial for spooky fish in clear lakes and streams. Its stiffness helps with accurate casts, but it has lower abrasion resistance than mono, so check your line frequently. It’s perfect for trout, panfish, and other wary species.

Heavy Cover/Big Fish: Braid (20-50 lb test) is the king of strength and sensitivity. This stuff slices through thick vegetation and offers incredible hook-setting power for battling trophy bass, pike, or muskie. The downside? It’s highly visible, so use a fluorocarbon leader to create a stealthy presentation. Also, braid can dig into your fingers, so use gloves when reeling in big catches.

Is mono or braid better for spinning?

For spinning, braid reigns supreme, eclipsing monofilament in almost every aspect save for its visibility. Experienced anglers worldwide appreciate its zero-stretch properties, eliminating that frustrating slack that can cost you a hooked fish. Its lack of memory means fewer frustrating tangles, a boon for those long days on the water, whether you’re targeting trout in a crystal-clear stream in the Scottish Highlands or battling bonefish on a turquoise flat in the Bahamas.

Key Advantages of Braid:

  • Superior Strength-to-Diameter Ratio: Braid’s thin diameter allows for smaller guides and increased casting distance, a significant advantage when targeting wary fish in challenging conditions. I’ve personally experienced the difference while fishing for dorado off the coast of Costa Rica – the increased casting distance was game-changing.
  • Exceptional Durability: Braid outlasts mono by a significant margin, saving you money and the inconvenience of frequent line changes. This is particularly crucial during multi-day fishing expeditions in remote locations.
  • Enhanced Sensitivity: The lack of stretch translates to incredible sensitivity, allowing you to detect even the subtlest bites. This is vital for finesse techniques employed in various environments, from the clear waters of a Japanese lake to the muddy rivers of the Amazon.
  • Excellent Casting Performance: Braid’s thin diameter and lack of memory result in significantly longer casts. Imagine the improved reach you’ll gain when targeting those shy fish at the far edges of a vast Alaskan lake.

Addressing the Visibility Issue:

While braid’s visibility can be a drawback in clear water, a simple solution exists: a fluorocarbon leader. This virtually invisible leader acts as a buffer, connecting your braid to your lure or bait, ensuring stealth while maintaining the benefits of braid. The minimal added cost is a small price to pay for the significant performance gains.

In summary: While monofilament has its place, for spinning, braid offers an undeniable advantage in strength, sensitivity, casting distance, and longevity. Coupled with a fluorocarbon leader, it’s the ideal choice for anglers of all skill levels, regardless of fishing location or target species.

What size fishing line for spinning reel?

Spinning reels in the 6000 size and above are powerhouses, ideal for tackling serious saltwater game. Think battling massive tarpon in the flats of Belize, or wrestling tuna far offshore. These extra-large reels, paired with an 8-foot rod, comfortably manage 20-50lb braid – the choice of seasoned anglers for its incredible strength and sensitivity. For those preferring monofilament, 12-30lb test is a solid option, though braid offers a distinct advantage in cutting through the water and providing more line per reel. The increased capacity allows for long casts and the ability to quickly retrieve line, crucial when fighting powerful fish that can make long runs. Remember, choosing the right line is vital; too light, and you risk breaking off; too heavy, and your casting performance suffers. This reel size is perfect for musky on inland lakes, too, providing the power needed to subdue these formidable freshwater predators.

Line selection depends heavily on the target species. Consider a heavier line for larger, stronger fish and a lighter line for smaller, more delicate quarry. Braid’s strength-to-diameter ratio provides a significant advantage, making it a popular choice for saltwater applications. And don’t underestimate the importance of a reliable knot – this is your last line of defense against a trophy fish.

Should I use braid or fluorocarbon on my spinning reel?

The age-old question: braid or fluorocarbon on your spinning reel? The answer, for me after years of globe-trotting angling, is a resounding braid with a fluorocarbon leader.

Forget the hassles of mono; braid’s superior casting distance is unmatched. I’ve landed everything from bonefish in the Bahamas to peacock bass in the Amazon, and nothing beats the sensitivity and feel of braid. Its thin diameter allows for more line on your spool, crucial when targeting wary fish.

Line twist? Not a significant concern if you’re using quality braid and employing proper techniques. But the real game-changer is the leader. A fluorocarbon leader, say 10-20lb test, provides the near-invisibility crucial for clear water situations, offers superior abrasion resistance protecting your braid, and improves hook setting.

Why this combination works so well:

  • Superior Casting Distance: Braid’s thin diameter allows for longer casts, essential when targeting fish at distance.
  • Increased Sensitivity: Feel every subtle bite with the superior sensitivity braid offers. Crucial for light-tackle fishing.
  • Durability: While braid’s strength is excellent, the fluorocarbon leader protects it from abrasion on rocks, weeds, and sharp teeth.
  • Invisibility: Fluorocarbon’s low refractive index makes it almost invisible underwater, increasing your chances of a hookup.

My go-to? 10-20lb Power Pro Super Slick. Its smoothness minimizes friction during casting, a must-have for long days on the water. For the leader, I’ve found Seaguar Red Label to be consistently reliable. Remember to regularly check your knots and replace your leader as needed. With proper maintenance, this setup will last you countless fishing adventures across the globe. The initial investment pays for itself in reliable performance and memorable catches.

Leader length considerations:

  • Clear water: Shorter leaders (2-3 feet) in clear water to maximize invisibility.
  • Murky water or heavy cover: Longer leaders (4-6 feet) for added abrasion resistance in challenging environments.

What is the best line for walleye spinners?

For walleye spinners, you don’t need exotic lines. A robust monofilament is perfectly sufficient and saves you money. Look for a hard, abrasion-resistant line – crucial when fishing around rocky structures or weed beds where walleyes often lurk. Maxima Ultra Green and Chameleon are excellent examples; their strength and durability are well-suited to the rigors of spinner fishing. I’ve used both extensively across countless lakes and rivers from the Canadian Shield to the Great Lakes, and never felt under-gunned. The key isn’t necessarily line weight, but finding the right balance between strength and sensitivity. A slightly heavier line offers better casting distance and abrasion resistance in rough conditions, but too heavy a line can inhibit the action of your spinner. Experiment to find the sweet spot for your preferred spinner and fishing conditions. Remember, a sharper hook and a good knot are often more critical than the line itself for successful walleye fishing.

Pro-tip: Consider line color. Clear or low-visibility lines often work better in clear water, while more visible lines can be advantageous in murky or stained water. This is less about the fish “seeing” the line and more about you being able to effectively monitor your lure’s action.

What type of fishing line is best all around?

Monofilament line is your all-around workhorse. It’s versatile enough for almost any fishing situation, from freshwater bass to saltwater inshore species. Its neutral buoyancy is a key advantage – it neither sinks nor floats excessively, allowing for natural presentation of your bait or lure. The refractive index of 1.58 makes it relatively invisible underwater, a crucial factor in clear water.

However, it’s important to note that monofilament has its limitations. It stretches more than other line types (like fluorocarbon or braid), which can be both an advantage (absorbing shock during a fight) and a disadvantage (reducing sensitivity and hooksets). It also degrades faster in sunlight and is more susceptible to abrasion than other options. Consider using a heavier test strength than you might with other lines to compensate for its stretch and potential breakage.

Pro Tip: For increased abrasion resistance, consider using a fluorocarbon leader tied to your monofilament main line, especially when fishing around structure or with sharp-toothed fish.

Another consideration: Monofilament comes in various diameters and strengths. Match your line to the target species and fishing conditions. Thicker lines are stronger but less sensitive; thinner lines are more sensitive but weaker.

When to use fluorocarbon vs mono?

Fluoro’s lower memory than mono means fewer frustrating tangles, especially crucial when backpacking and setting up quickly. Its smaller diameter allows for more line on your spinning reel, vital when covering diverse terrain and tackling varied water conditions. This also leads to more sensitive bites, a massive advantage when targeting shy trout in remote streams.

Invisibility is key. Fluoro’s near invisibility underwater makes it perfect for spooky fish in clear, pressured waters – like those pristine alpine lakes you’ll find on your adventures. Mono, on the other hand, is easily visible, spooking wary fish.

Abrasion Resistance: While fluoro isn’t as strong as mono pound for pound, its superior abrasion resistance is a game changer when fishing around rocks and submerged debris, common obstacles on wilderness trips.

Knot Strength: Consider that fluoro can be slightly weaker at the knot than mono. Practice your knot tying before heading out to ensure reliable connection. A reliable knot is essential when the nearest tackle shop is miles away.

Cost: Fluoro is generally more expensive than mono. Weigh the cost against the advantages for your specific fishing needs and adventure style.

What is the best all-around fishing line?

After years of globe-trotting, fishing in everything from the Amazon’s murky waters to the crystal-clear streams of New Zealand, I’ve tested countless fishing lines. My top pick remains SpiderWire Stealth Blue Camo-Braid. Its incredible strength consistently impressed me, exceeding expectations even when battling particularly stubborn fish in the Mekong River. Moreover, its superior casting distance – a crucial advantage in open ocean scenarios like those I encountered off the coast of Australia – outperformed every competitor in my extensive testing. And let’s not forget the camouflage; it truly does minimize visibility, a life-saver when targeting wary species in the pristine lakes of Patagonia.

However, budget often plays a significant role. I’ve seen anglers in remote villages in Nepal make do with surprisingly effective, affordable options. For those on a tighter budget, Berkley Trilene XL offers remarkable value. While not boasting the same stealth capabilities or casting performance as the SpiderWire, its strength-to-price ratio is exceptional, making it a reliable choice for diverse fishing situations, from the bustling markets of Marrakech to the quiet ponds of rural Japan.

Ultimately, the “best” line depends on your specific needs and fishing style. Consider factors such as target species, fishing environment, and your budget. But for an all-around, high-performance option that delivers, SpiderWire Stealth Blue Camo-Braid reigns supreme. And remember, Berkley Trilene XL provides a strong, budget-friendly alternative.

Is 30lb braid good on a spinning reel?

30lb braid on a spinning reel? Absolutely! It’s a fantastic choice, especially if you’re targeting hard-fighting species like snook and redfish in challenging environments. I’ve seen this setup thrive in the mangrove-choked backwaters of Florida, the intricate stilt villages of Vietnam, and even the rocky coastlines of Croatia. The key is balance. A 3500-size spinning reel is perfect for handling the strength of 30lb braid while maintaining casting ease. Consider the range of 30-50lb braid; the thicker line offers superior abrasion resistance—crucial when wrestling fish around structure. Think of it as your insurance policy against snapping off on a submerged branch or sharp coral. This setup excels in situations demanding power and sensitivity; the thin diameter of braid allows for long casts and exceptional feel, allowing you to detect even the subtlest nibbles. The increased sensitivity is especially advantageous when targeting more wary fish in crystal-clear waters, a scenario I’ve encountered countless times across various global fishing hotspots.

Remember that line strength isn’t just about the pound test. The material itself plays a huge role. High-quality braided lines are often smoother, less prone to tangles, and hold up better against abrasion than cheaper alternatives. Choosing the right line is a crucial element in the global angler’s toolkit, and for this kind of fishing, the investment in a quality 30-50lb braid pays dividends.

What is the downside of fluorocarbon fishing lines?

Fluorocarbon fishing line: a double-edged sword. Its invisibility to fish is a huge advantage, especially when targeting wary species in crystal-clear waters like those I’ve encountered in the Amazon or the Seychelles. However, that almost magical transparency comes at a cost. The inherent stiffness of fluorocarbon makes it susceptible to knot failure. I’ve learned this the hard way, losing some truly epic battles due to line breakage at the knot, even with meticulously tied, well-wetted knots. The pressure exerted by the knot, compounded by the line’s rigidity, creates stress points that weaken it over time, irrespective of whether it’s wet or dry. Think of it like constantly bending a metal wire at the same spot – eventually, it’ll snap.

This is further exacerbated by the rigors of fishing. The constant abrasion against rocks, vegetation (especially those gnarly mangrove roots in the Everglades!), and the sheer force of fighting a strong fish all contribute to the degradation of the line. These factors create microscopic abrasions and weaken the line, leading to unexpected failures at the most critical moments: that heart-stopping hookset or the final, desperate run of a trophy fish. I remember losing a magnificent bonefish in the Bahamas precisely because of a fluorocarbon line failure – the frustration was immense.

Therefore, while fluorocarbon’s stealth properties are undeniable and incredibly valuable, anglers need to be acutely aware of its fragility. Careful knot selection, meticulous tying technique, regular line inspection, and perhaps a slightly heavier line than you might use with other materials are essential to mitigate the risk. It’s a trade-off; you gain near-invisibility but must compensate for reduced strength and durability.

Why do pros use fluorocarbon?

Fluorocarbon line offers a compelling blend of the best qualities of braided and monofilament lines, making it a favorite among seasoned anglers like myself who’ve explored countless waters worldwide. It’s a game-changer, especially in challenging conditions.

Why the switch from braided or mono? It boils down to a superior combination of properties:

  • Minimal Stretch: This is crucial for precise presentations, especially when targeting finicky fish in clear water. You feel every subtle bite, improving hook-up rates significantly. I’ve experienced this firsthand while fly fishing in crystal-clear mountain streams – the direct connection is unmatched.
  • High Abrasion Resistance: Fluorocarbon’s toughness is a lifesaver when fishing around sharp rocks, heavy cover, or battling fish with abrasive mouths. Think about navigating the rocky shorelines of the Mediterranean or battling bonefish in coral reefs – the durability of fluorocarbon makes all the difference.

Compared to Monofilament:

  • Invisibility: Fluorocarbon’s refractive index is closer to water than monofilament, making it virtually invisible underwater. This is particularly advantageous in clear water situations, where wary fish are easily spooked. I’ve seen a noticeable improvement in my catch rates after switching to fluorocarbon, especially when targeting trout in high-altitude lakes.
  • Sensitivity: The low stretch translates into superior sensitivity, allowing you to detect even the faintest bites. This is critical for techniques requiring delicate presentations, like finesse fishing for bass or targeting panfish in shallows.

In short: Fluorocarbon isn’t just a line; it’s a strategic advantage. Its near invisibility, sensitivity, and durability have made it an essential part of my tackle box regardless of the fishing destination. The minimal stretch allows for direct feel, leading to more successful hooksets and a better overall angling experience.

Is mono or braid better for walleye?

The age-old mono vs. braid debate for walleye fishing often boils down to personal preference, but informed preference is key. While braided line offers superior sensitivity and strength, its lack of stretch can be a hindrance with finicky walleyes. In my travels across countless lakes and rivers from the Canadian Shield to the vast reservoirs of Patagonia, I’ve observed a consistent pattern: mono’s inherent stretch allows for a softer hookset, crucial when walleyes, notorious for their light bites, might otherwise throw the bait. This is particularly true in shallow water where sudden line tension can spook the fish. The give of mono acts as a shock absorber, increasing your hook-up ratio, especially when they’re merely nipping at your lure. Think of it as the difference between a gentle caress and a forceful yank—walleyes often respond better to the former.

Furthermore, mono’s elasticity helps in situations where walleyes tend to slash at the bait rather than firmly engulfing it. That initial stretch helps keep the hook in their mouth as they try to reject your offering. This isn’t to say braid is useless; its superior sensitivity is invaluable in detecting subtle bites in deeper water. But for the finesse needed when targeting shallow water walleyes, especially those known for their hesitant strikes, mono provides a distinct advantage, born out by years of experience on varied and demanding waters across the globe.

What is the best hook for a walleye spinner?

For bigger walleye, a larger No. 2 beak hook is king. It’s strong enough to handle those hefty pulls. While standard bronze hooks are reliable workhorses, red anodized hooks are a sneaky trick. The red color is believed to trigger a better bite response. Consider the water clarity when choosing; in murky water, the red is more visible, giving you a slight edge. Remember to match your hook size to your bait or lure – you want a secure hold without impeding the action.

Beyond hook color and size, consider the hook style. A sharp, high-quality hook is crucial for setting the hook securely. A chemically sharpened hook will hold better, and less likely to bend or break during the fight. Finally, consider hook strength and material. For especially large walleye, stronger materials like stainless steel might be needed.

Experimentation is key! Water conditions, prey fish availability, and walleye behavior all impact hook preference. Keep a variety of hook sizes and colors on hand to find the best option for your specific fishing trip. Note your successes and failures for future reference, because what works in one location may not work in another.

What size fish can 30lb braid catch?

30lb braid is a versatile line, capable of landing a surprisingly wide range of fish. While the suggested 25-30lb target species (salmon, steelhead, trout, bluefish, redfish) are accurate, remember that the fight and size of the fish heavily depend on location and time of year. A 30lb trout from a mountain stream will fight very differently than a 30lb redfish from a saltwater estuary.

The 35-50lb bracket (black sea bass, striped bass, mahi-mahi, fluke, cobia, tarpon, largemouth bass, pike) represents a significant jump in power. While 30lb braid *can* handle some of these, particularly smaller individuals or if you’re exceptionally skilled, it pushes the line’s capabilities. You’ll want a heavier rod to match and be prepared for a longer, more challenging fight. The risk of line breakage increases dramatically, especially with strong, fast-running fish like tarpon.

Consider the environment too. Fighting a fish in heavy structure (like around rocks or reefs) increases the strain on your line, demanding a slightly heavier setup than you’d need in open water. Also, the type of knot used significantly impacts your breaking strength. Practice your knot tying to maximize the line’s potential.

Ultimately, 30lb braid is a fantastic choice for a good range of species, but always match your tackle to the expected size and fighting style of the fish you’re targeting. Err on the side of caution; a slightly heavier line is better than a snapped line and a lost fish.

Can you spool a spinning reel with fluorocarbon?

Absolutely! Spooling a spinning reel with fluorocarbon is possible, though less common than using it as a leader. My travels across diverse fishing grounds from the Amazon to the Seychelles have shown me the prevalence of braided main lines paired with fluorocarbon leaders. This isn’t just a trend; it’s a highly effective technique. The near-invisibility of fluorocarbon in the water, especially crucial in clear water environments like those found in the Caribbean or the crystalline lakes of Patagonia, makes it perfect for presenting lures subtly to wary fish. Braided line provides the sensitivity and strength needed to feel subtle bites and handle larger specimens, while the fluorocarbon leader offers abrasion resistance and minimizes line visibility. The key, based on my experiences fishing with guides in Japan and the US, lies in selecting the right knot – the FG knot and the Alberto knot are popular and reliable choices, ensuring a secure connection between the two lines. Choosing the correct line weights and diameter for both the braided main line and the fluorocarbon leader is also crucial, depending on the targeted species and fishing conditions. Consider the water clarity and the type of fish you’re targeting when making your decision.

Should I get monofilament or fluorocarbon?

Fluorocarbon offers superior abrasion resistance compared to monofilament; it’s tougher and withstands more punishment from sharp rocks and aggressive fish. However, neither material is indestructible under constant strain. Eventually, both will break down.

Visibility is key: Monofilament is significantly more visible in clear water, a major drawback in many situations. This is why fluorocarbon is often preferred for finesse fishing.

When to choose monofilament:

  • Murky water: Visibility isn’t a concern, so the lower cost of mono is advantageous. You’ll also find mono often stretches more, acting as a shock absorber that can prevent hook pulls.
  • Rough seas/low light: The reduced visibility of mono becomes less critical in these conditions.
  • Budget-conscious fishing: Monofilament is generally cheaper.

When to choose fluorocarbon:

  • Clear water: Its low visibility is crucial for success, especially with wary fish.
  • Abrasive environments: The increased abrasion resistance makes it ideal for rocky shorelines or areas with heavy vegetation.
  • Stronger leader needed: Its higher tensile strength is beneficial for larger fish or those that put up a significant fight.

Important Note: Proper knot tying is crucial regardless of your choice of line. A poorly tied knot will fail quickly, negating the advantages of any material. Regularly inspect your leader for signs of wear and tear; replacing it proactively prevents unexpected breakages.

What hook to use for a spinner rig?

For spinner rigs, the hook is king. Forget those straight-shank affairs; I’ve fished across continents, from the Amazon to the Zambezi, and seen countless hook failures. The curved shank hook with an in-turned eye is the undisputed champion. Its design isn’t just about aesthetics; the curve creates the perfect angle for penetration, ensuring a solid hookset in the fish’s lower jaw, crucial for minimizing lost catches. This is especially important with spinnerbaits, where the lure’s action demands a hook that can withstand aggressive strikes.

Think of it this way: the in-turned eye keeps the hook point positioned optimally for immediate penetration. The curved shank further enhances this, allowing the hook to follow the natural curve of the jaw, leading to a much more secure hold. Straight shank hooks, on the other hand, often result in shallow hook sets, leading to frustrating throwbacks. I’ve witnessed firsthand how a poorly chosen hook can mean the difference between a thrilling fight and a disappointing loss. So don’t compromise; choose the curved shank, in-turned eye – it’s a global standard for a reason.

Size selection is also critical. Match your hook to the size of your baitfish imitation and the expected size of your target species. Remember, you want a hook that’s large enough to hold, but not so large that it discourages bites. The perfect hook is a detail often overlooked, but it’s the difference between a successful trip and a regrettable one. Experience teaches that less is often more. The best hooks are inconspicuous and deadly efficient.

Is 30lb braid good on spinning reel?

Thirty-pound braid on a spinning reel? Absolutely, especially if you’re targeting hard-fighting species like snook and redfish in heavy cover – think mangrove tunnels or around docks. That’s a setup I’ve used extensively across the globe, from the Florida Everglades to the estuaries of the Amazon. The key is the right reel size; a 3500 is a good starting point for balancing strength with casting ease.

Optimal Line Weight Range: I prefer the 30-50lb range on a 3500 for this kind of fishing. This allows for the necessary strength to handle powerful fish while maintaining good castability.

Why Braid? Braid’s strength-to-diameter ratio is unparalleled. Less line diameter means less wind resistance, leading to longer casts, crucial for reaching those fish tucked deep in the mangroves. Its sensitivity is another huge advantage; you’ll feel every subtle bite.

  • Consider the Knot: A reliable knot is vital when using braid. I favor the FG knot for its strength and minimal diameter increase.
  • Line Capacity: Check your reel’s line capacity chart to ensure you have enough line for your target species and fishing conditions.
  • Color Choice: Low-visibility lines like green or camouflage are ideal for clear water; high-visibility lines (yellow or orange) are better for murky conditions.
  • Reel Maintenance: Regularly rinse your reel with fresh water after saltwater fishing to prevent corrosion and prolong its life – a crucial tip when you’re miles from civilization.
  • Backlash Prevention: Learn to control your casting technique to avoid backlash; practice makes perfect, and it’s essential for keeping your line smooth and preventing frustrating tangles.

What can 50lb braid catch?

Fifty-pound braid is a powerhouse, capable of tackling a surprisingly diverse range of fish, both freshwater and saltwater. Its high strength-to-diameter ratio means longer casts and less line memory – crucial for covering water effectively, whether you’re exploring remote Alaskan rivers or battling bonefish in the Bahamas.

What can you catch? Think beyond the typical suspects. While salmon, steelhead, and trout are certainly within its capabilities (a 25-30lb braid is often sufficient for these), 50lb braid opens up exciting possibilities.

  • Saltwater Prowess: Larger saltwater species like redfish, bluefish (as mentioned), and even some smaller sharks become manageable. Consider targeting amberjack, mahi-mahi, or even bigger species depending on your location and fishing technique. The increased strength gives you the edge in fights with powerful fish that could easily snap lighter lines.
  • Freshwater Giants: In freshwater, you’re not limited to trout. Muskie, largemouth bass (especially trophy-sized ones), and even certain catfish species become more attainable targets. The abrasion resistance of braided line is a huge advantage when dealing with sharp teeth and rocky structures.

Important Considerations: While 50lb braid offers incredible strength, remember to match it with a suitable rod and reel capable of handling the pressure. Overpowering a fish with too heavy a line can lead to broken gear or damaged mouths. Proper knot tying is also paramount; invest time in mastering strong knots for braided line to prevent breakages.

Gear Matching: For optimal performance, consider the following:

  • Rod: A sturdy rod with a higher power rating (medium-heavy to heavy) is essential for managing the strength of the braid and the power of larger fish.
  • Reel: Choose a reel with a smooth drag system and high capacity to accommodate the line and provide consistent pressure during a fight.

Beyond the Pound Test: Don’t solely focus on the pound test. The diameter of the braid also plays a crucial role in casting distance and sensitivity. Thinner diameter braids allow for longer casts, while thicker ones offer better abrasion resistance. Experiment to find the sweet spot for your preferred fishing style and target species.

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