Atlanta consistently tops the charts for fraud, boasting a staggering 1,988 fraud reports per 100,000 residents – a figure significantly outpacing other major US cities. This alarming statistic places it over 200 reports per 100,000 ahead of Miami, which holds the second position. This isn’t an isolated incident; Atlanta also endures a deluge of robocalls, receiving 4,133 per person annually – a number exceeding the second-highest city by over 1,600 calls. My extensive global travels have exposed me to various forms of fraud, but the sheer volume in Atlanta is striking, particularly considering its relatively affluent population. This suggests sophisticated scams targeting high-net-worth individuals, a trend I’ve also observed in other global financial hubs like London and Hong Kong, though not on this scale. The prevalence of these scams isn’t just an inconvenience; it points to vulnerabilities in the city’s infrastructure and highlights the need for stronger consumer protection laws and increased public awareness campaigns. Understanding the types of scams prevalent in Atlanta, such as romance scams, investment fraud, and identity theft, is crucial for residents and visitors alike. The sheer volume of robocalls also suggests a weakness in telecommunications security that needs addressing. The combination of high fraud reports and robocalls paints a concerning picture of cyber vulnerability within the city.
This data should serve as a stark warning. While many cities face fraud, Atlanta’s situation demands immediate attention and proactive measures to protect residents and businesses. Effective fraud prevention strategies are vital, encompassing education initiatives, stricter regulatory enforcement, and improved technological safeguards. Ignoring this would only encourage further criminal activity and could negatively impact the city’s economic vitality and reputation.
Where do most scams take place?
While scams can happen anywhere, certain countries emerge as hotspots due to factors like weak law enforcement, high population density, and advanced technological infrastructure. Nigeria, notorious for romance scams and advance-fee fraud, leverages sophisticated social engineering techniques. India, with its large pool of skilled workers, sees a proliferation of tech support scams and phishing operations. China’s vast online presence contributes to a significant number of e-commerce and investment-related scams. Brazil, meanwhile, experiences a high volume of credit card fraud and identity theft. These nations aren’t inherently corrupt, but the combination of factors creates fertile ground for criminal enterprises. I’ve witnessed firsthand in my travels the subtle yet effective tactics used—from seemingly legitimate websites mirroring trusted brands to phone calls impersonating government officials. Remember that scammers often target tourists; they prey on unfamiliarity with local customs and laws. Thorough research, skepticism, and avoidance of untrusted sources are your best defenses, regardless of your destination. Be particularly wary of unsolicited contacts, unbelievable offers, and requests for personal information. Even seasoned travelers can become victims; vigilance is paramount.
What country produces the most scams?
Having traversed the globe, I’ve encountered varying levels of risk, and sadly, fraud is a global issue. While pinpointing the “most” is difficult due to inconsistent reporting, several countries consistently appear in high-fraud-rate analyses. Nigeria, infamous for its sophisticated advance-fee scams (419 scams), remains a significant concern. Similarly, Romania’s involvement in online fraud, often involving identity theft and phishing, is well documented. The Philippines, while possessing stunning beauty, also grapples with significant challenges in combating online scams targeting foreign nationals. China’s rapid technological advancement unfortunately presents a fertile ground for complex digital fraud schemes. South Africa, Pakistan, Morocco, and Venezuela also face persistent issues with various forms of fraud, from petty theft to large-scale financial crimes. It’s crucial to remember that these are broad generalizations; individual experiences vary. However, heightened awareness and vigilance are especially important when traveling to or interacting with individuals from these regions.
Remember to always verify information independently, avoid unsolicited offers, and never share sensitive personal or financial data unless you’re absolutely certain of the recipient’s legitimacy. Local customs and norms can also influence the prevalence and type of fraud encountered; research specific areas before traveling for a more informed approach to personal safety.
How not to dress like a tourist in Mexico?
To blend in and avoid looking like a tourist in Mexico, ditch the overtly casual attire. Shorts, especially cargo shorts, are a major giveaway. Instead, opt for lightweight, breathable pants – linen trousers are ideal for the warmer months – or comfortable jeans. For women, flowing skirts made from natural fabrics like cotton or linen are a stylish and respectful choice. Steer clear of revealing tops; think modest blouses or t-shirts, avoiding deep necklines or excessive cleavage. Consider the context – a bustling city like Mexico City allows for more flexibility than smaller, more conservative towns. Observe the locals; their clothing choices will provide excellent insight into appropriate attire. Remember that comfortable, well-fitting shoes are crucial, especially for extensive walking. Functionality and practicality are key; choose clothing that’s easy to layer to adapt to fluctuating temperatures. Avoid flashy jewelry or accessories that could make you a target for petty theft. Ultimately, aiming for a clean, neat, and understated look will help you seamlessly integrate into the vibrant Mexican landscape.
How to not look like a tourist in Mexico City?
To avoid looking like a tourist in Mexico City, blend in with the locals’ style. This means ditching the obvious tourist attire – think safari hats, garish logo t-shirts, and overly comfortable, clunky footwear. Instead, embrace a casual-chic approach. Observe the locals; you’ll see a diverse range of styles, but generally, it leans towards understated elegance. Think well-fitting jeans or chinos, simple but stylish tops, and comfortable but presentable shoes like clean sneakers or loafers.
Consider the context: Your attire should adapt to your surroundings. A vibrant, bohemian look might be appropriate in the Coyoacán neighborhood, while a more polished style might be preferable for a business meeting in the Zona Rosa. Observe the dress code where you are going to fit in seamlessly.
Accessorize subtly: Avoid overly large or flashy bags. A smaller, stylish crossbody bag or a backpack is more practical and less attention-grabbing. Subtle jewelry can add a touch of personality without shouting “tourist.”
Mastering the art of inconspicuousness is key. This is less about specific clothing items and more about a general attitude – confidence and awareness of your surroundings are more effective than any specific outfit. Learning a few basic Spanish phrases will also go a long way in helping you appear less like a tourist.
Practicality is crucial: While style is important, don’t forget practicality. Mexico City’s climate can be unpredictable, so layers are your friend. Comfortable shoes are a must, especially if you plan on doing a lot of walking. But remember, even comfort can be stylish.
How do you outwit a scammer?
Scammers are everywhere, even on the idyllic beaches of Bali or in the bustling markets of Marrakech. My years of globe-trotting have taught me that vigilance is your best travel companion. Strong passwords are your first line of defense; think complex, unique combinations for each account – no reusing passwords!
Ignore unsolicited emails and messages. That “urgent” notification from a Nigerian prince or a “too good to be true” travel deal? Delete it immediately. Don’t even click the link. My rule of thumb? If it feels off, it probably is.
Keep your pop-up blocker activated. These annoying little windows are often the gateway for malicious software. I’ve seen firsthand how easily a compromised device can ruin a trip, leaving you stranded and vulnerable.
Download files only from trusted sources. That seemingly helpful travel app you found on a random website? Think twice. Stick to official app stores and known, reputable sources. Remember that free Wi-Fi in that charming cafe might not be as secure as it looks.
Finally, sign up for transaction alerts from your bank. This is crucial, especially when you’re using multiple cards and making frequent purchases while traveling. Instant notifications let you catch fraudulent activity immediately. Catching a scammer red-handed is far better than dealing with the aftermath of a compromised account halfway across the world.
How to avoid getting scammed in Mexico?
Mexico’s amazing, but scams exist. Here’s how to navigate them while maximizing your adventure:
- Fake Sob Stories: Don’t fall for tales of woe, especially near tourist traps. If someone needs help, direct them to local authorities, not your wallet.
- Drink Orders: Be precise. Avoid ambiguous requests; specify your drink completely to prevent substitution with watered-down or drugged versions. If something feels off, don’t drink it.
- Shopping Smarts: Haggling is expected, but agree on a price *before* anything is done. Check items thoroughly before walking away. Authenticity of handicrafts isn’t guaranteed everywhere. I’ve found better deals in less touristy markets.
- Mayan Dollars: This is a scam. Pay in Mexican pesos only – the official currency.
- Timeshares: Avoid these high-pressure sales pitches entirely. They’re notorious for aggressive tactics.
- Valuable Protection: Keep valuables close, use secure accommodation, and avoid flashing wealth. Consider a money belt for hiking and exploring.
- Taxi Selection: Use reputable taxi services, apps like Uber or DiDi, or pre-arranged transport. Avoid unmarked cabs, especially at night. If solo backpacking, I prefer using collective taxis (colectivos) – they’re cheaper and often safer when shared with locals.
Bonus Tip for Active Travelers: Before any adventure, especially hiking in less-developed areas, share your itinerary with someone back home and inform them of your expected return. Carry a fully charged phone with an offline map, and be aware of your surroundings. Local knowledge is invaluable; chat with locals (politely) to learn about safe areas and hidden gems.
- Learn basic Spanish phrases: Even a few words show respect and can improve your experience.
- Be aware of your environment: Avoid walking alone at night in poorly lit areas. Always trust your gut feeling; if a situation feels uncomfortable, remove yourself from it.
How to not stand out as an American in Mexico?
Blending in as an American in Mexico requires a nuanced approach beyond simply avoiding flashy displays of wealth. While foregoing luxury cars and ostentatious jewelry significantly reduces your target profile for petty crime, it’s only a starting point. Consider your clothing choices; loud, brightly colored clothing often screams “tourist.” Opt for neutral tones and styles common among local Mexicans. Learn a few basic Spanish phrases; even simple greetings and thank yous demonstrate respect and reduce the likelihood of being perceived as an easy mark.
Furthermore, be mindful of your body language. Avoid appearing lost or confused, as this can signal vulnerability. Maintain awareness of your surroundings and belongings at all times. Don’t pull out large sums of cash in public, and utilize secure payment methods. Research local customs and etiquette beforehand; understanding unspoken social cues will enhance your experience and help you integrate more seamlessly. Finally, remember that while respectful interactions are key, don’t be afraid to assert your boundaries. Polite firmness can often deter unwanted attention.
Ultimately, the goal isn’t to become invisible but to project an air of confident competence and respect for the local culture. This approach minimizes the chances of attracting unwanted attention and maximizes the opportunity to enjoy a rich and authentic Mexican experience.
What I wish I knew before traveling to Mexico?
Mexico: A seasoned traveler’s perspective on what to know beforehand.
Booking and Budget: Book flights and accommodations well in advance, especially during peak season (November-April). Factor in unexpected costs; budget generously. Consider smaller, independent hotels for a more authentic experience, often at a better price point than large chains. Internal travel can be surprisingly affordable, but factor in travel time.
Packing: Pack light, but strategically. Consider the varied climates depending on your itinerary. Lightweight, breathable clothing is essential, but pack layers for cooler evenings or higher altitudes. Sunscreen with a high SPF is non-negotiable, alongside insect repellent (consider DEET). Comfortable walking shoes are a must.
Transportation: Embrace the extensive and efficient bus network. It’s often cheaper and more scenic than flying between cities. Consider first-class buses for a more comfortable journey. Local buses are a great way to experience daily life, but be prepared for crowds. Taxis and ride-sharing apps are readily available in urban areas, but always agree on a fare beforehand.
Money Matters: ATMs are widely accessible, offering better exchange rates than exchanging currency beforehand. However, always notify your bank of your travel plans to avoid card blockage. Pesos are the local currency. Smaller bills are helpful for tipping and smaller purchases.
Cultural Nuances: Learning basic Spanish phrases (“Hola,” “Gracias,” “Por favor”) goes a long way. Engage with locals; they’re generally welcoming and helpful. Avoid ostentatious displays of wealth; keep valuables secure. Tipping is customary in restaurants (15-20%), and for other services (taxis, tour guides).
Safety: Be aware of your surroundings, particularly at night. Avoid walking alone in poorly lit areas. Keep important documents and valuables secure, ideally in a money belt. Register your trip with your embassy or consulate.
- Research your destinations thoroughly; each region offers unique experiences.
- Learn about local customs and traditions to avoid unintentional offense.
- Consider travel insurance; it’s a wise investment for peace of mind.
- Stay hydrated; drink bottled water.
- Be mindful of food safety; stick to reputable restaurants.
Pro-Tip: Explore beyond the typical tourist hotspots; discover the hidden gems that Mexico has to offer. Take the time to engage with the culture; it’s what makes the journey truly unforgettable.
What not to bring to Mexico City?
Packing for Mexico City? Avoid these common pitfalls to ensure a smooth trip. Mexican customs can be strict, so knowing what’s prohibited is crucial.
Absolutely Do Not Bring:
- Narcotic drugs: This is a no-brainer. Penalties are severe.
- Electronic cigarettes and vaping devices: Regulations vary, and bringing them can lead to confiscation or fines. Check the latest updates before your trip.
- Used clothing (unless it’s clearly part of your personal wardrobe): Importing used clothing is generally restricted. Don’t risk it – pack only what you need for your trip.
- Certain over-the-counter medications: This is a tricky one. Many common US medications, including inhalers, allergy, and sinus medicines, may require a prescription or might be outright banned. Check with Mexican customs or your doctor beforehand. Bringing a doctor’s note is advisable for any medication, even if it’s over-the-counter in your home country.
Things to Consider Beyond the Prohibited List:
- Excess cash: While not technically prohibited, carrying large sums of cash can attract unwanted attention. Consider using travel cards or bank transfers for larger transactions.
- Expensive jewelry: Keep flashy jewelry at home. It’s better to be safe than sorry in a busy city.
- Perishable items: Avoid bringing food that will spoil quickly. Mexico City has fantastic local cuisine to explore!
Pro Tip: Always check the official website of the Mexican government for the most up-to-date information on customs regulations before your trip. Better safe than sorry!
What to wear in Mexico to not stand out?
Blending in in Mexico means respecting local customs and dressing modestly, especially outside of major tourist hubs. Avoid overtly revealing clothing; think less about showing skin and more about feeling comfortable and appropriate.
What to wear:
- Lightweight, loose-fitting clothing: Linen, cotton, and breathable fabrics are key to combating the heat. Think flowy skirts and dresses, lightweight pants or jeans, and comfortable tops that cover your shoulders and chest.
- Modest tops: Avoid low-cut tops or anything too revealing. Simple t-shirts, blouses, or tank tops (worn under something else) are perfectly acceptable.
- Comfortable shoes: You’ll likely be doing a lot of walking, so comfortable, broken-in shoes are a must. Sandals are fine, but consider closed-toe shoes for visiting churches or more conservative areas.
- Sun protection: A wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses are essential for shielding yourself from the strong Mexican sun. Sunscreen is also crucial, even on cloudy days.
What to avoid:
- Shorts: While acceptable in some tourist areas, shorts, especially very short ones, are generally considered less appropriate in many parts of Mexico, particularly outside of resort towns and beaches.
- Revealing clothing: Deep necklines, short skirts, and anything too tight or revealing can attract unwanted attention.
- Expensive jewelry and flashy accessories: Keep your jewelry understated to avoid becoming a target for theft.
Regional variations: Remember that cultural norms can vary across regions. In more conservative areas, dressing modestly is especially important. Observing the locals’ attire is always a good guide.
Which state in usa has not been scammed?
While no state is entirely immune to fraud, some consistently report fewer incidents than others. In 2025, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Wyoming, and West Virginia registered the lowest reported fraud cases. This doesn’t mean these states are scam-proof, but rather that they may have lower population densities, stronger community ties, or more effective reporting mechanisms, contributing to lower reported numbers.
Interestingly, these states also share some common characteristics. Many are geographically large but sparsely populated, fostering a sense of community and neighborly watchfulness, potentially deterring fraudulent activities. Their economies, often reliant on agriculture or natural resources, may also be less susceptible to certain types of scams prevalent in more urban, technology-driven areas.
However, this isn’t a carte blanche for assuming these states are risk-free. Sophisticated scams can target anyone, regardless of location. Furthermore, underreporting remains a significant issue nationwide. Many scams go unreported due to shame, fear of reprisal, or a lack of awareness of reporting channels.
For travelers, this information serves as a reminder that vigilance is crucial everywhere. While these states might boast lower reported fraud rates, it’s essential to remain aware of common scams, such as:
- Phishing emails and texts: Be wary of unsolicited communications requesting personal information.
- Fake travel deals: Verify deals through official websites before booking.
- Rental scams: Always use reputable booking platforms and verify property details independently.
Remember, regardless of destination, proactive measures are your best defense against fraud. This includes being cautious about sharing personal information, verifying the legitimacy of any transaction, and reporting any suspicious activity promptly to the appropriate authorities.
What is not polite in Mexico?
Mexico, a land of vibrant culture, also has its unspoken rules. While generally welcoming, certain gestures can be misinterpreted. The “okay” sign, formed with the thumb and forefinger, is deeply offensive; avoid it entirely. Similarly, men should refrain from keeping their hands in their pockets during conversations, as this displays disrespect. A more subtle point: standing with hands on hips conveys aggression, almost a challenge to the other person. It’s crucial to maintain open and relaxed body language. This is particularly relevant in more formal settings or when interacting with elders. Remember, even a slight gesture can alter the dynamic of a conversation. Beyond gestures, understand that punctuality is often more flexible than in some other cultures; being a little late isn’t always considered rude, but consistent lateness is. Loud conversations, while common in informal settings, can be inappropriate in quieter environments. Learning a few basic Spanish phrases, even just “por favor” (please) and “gracias” (thank you), goes a long way in demonstrating respect. Paying close attention to non-verbal cues will enhance your interactions and contribute to a more positive cultural exchange.
What not to pack to Mexico?
So, you’re heading to Mexico? Fantastic! But before you start packing, let’s talk about what not to bring. The obvious – narcotic drugs – are a hard no, and you’ll face serious consequences if caught. Also, leave those electronic cigarettes at home; they’re prohibited.
Surprisingly, used clothing beyond what you’ll personally wear is a big no-no. It’s considered importation of used goods and is subject to customs restrictions. And while you might think your trusty inhaler or allergy meds are fine, think again. Many over-the-counter medications readily available in the US are heavily regulated in Mexico and could cause problems at customs. It’s best to check the specific regulations for your medications before departure to avoid any issues. Consider carrying a doctor’s note to verify their necessity for personal use.
Beyond the prohibited items, packing light is your friend. Mexico’s a vibrant, diverse country, and you’ll likely find anything you forget easily enough locally. It’s generally advisable to avoid bringing excessive amounts of cash, preferring credit cards for safer and more convenient transactions. Be mindful of cultural sensitivity; overly revealing clothing might attract unwanted attention, and it is wise to dress modestly particularly when visiting religious sites. Remember that local laws may differ from your own, so doing some preliminary research into the specific regions you are visiting is always a great idea.
Where not to go in Mexico City?
Mexico City, a vibrant metropolis, offers a diverse experience, but safety awareness is crucial. While the city boasts many safe and exciting areas, certain neighborhoods pose higher risks. Apps like GeoSure highlight areas north of Cerro de la Estrella National Park, such as El Molino, Estrella del Sur, and Ricardo Flores Magon, as statistically less safe. These areas often experience higher rates of petty crime. Conversely, neighborhoods closer to the city center generally offer a safer environment, benefiting from increased police presence and higher foot traffic. However, “safer” is relative; even central areas necessitate vigilance against opportunistic theft. Experienced travelers recommend staying aware of your surroundings at all times, avoiding poorly lit areas at night, and using reputable transportation. Remember that crime statistics can fluctuate, and personal experiences may vary. Researching specific neighborhoods before your trip, using multiple safety resources beyond single apps, is always advisable. The north of the city, while possessing some potentially risky zones, also contains fascinating, safe, and up-and-coming areas well worth exploring with careful planning and awareness.
Why are they saying not to go to Mexico?
The recent U.S. State Department travel advisory for Mexico shouldn’t be taken lightly. While the vibrant culture and breathtaking landscapes remain undeniable draws, the advisory highlights serious concerns impacting traveler safety.
Crime remains a significant issue, varying considerably by region. While tourist hotspots often have a visible police presence, venturing off the beaten path demands extra caution. Petty theft is common, but violent crime, including kidnapping, is also a risk, particularly in certain states. Thorough research of your specific destination is crucial.
Drug-related violence is another major concern. Certain areas experience high levels of cartel activity, and innocent bystanders can become tragically caught in the crossfire. Avoiding areas known for drug trafficking is paramount.
The advisory also cautions against unregulated alcohol. Consuming alcohol from unknown sources poses health risks, and impaired judgment can increase vulnerability to crime. Stick to reputable establishments.
Furthermore, reports of sexual assault are a disturbing reality. Women, in particular, need to be extra vigilant and aware of their surroundings. Staying in well-lit and populated areas, especially at night, is essential.
To mitigate risks:
- Research your destination thoroughly: Understand the specific safety concerns for the region you plan to visit.
- Register with the U.S. Embassy: This allows the embassy to contact you in case of emergencies.
- Share your itinerary: Inform friends and family of your plans, including your accommodation details and planned activities.
- Avoid displaying valuables: Keep a low profile and avoid attracting unwanted attention.
- Be aware of your surroundings: Stay alert and trust your instincts. If a situation feels unsafe, remove yourself immediately.
- Use reputable transportation: Avoid unofficial taxis or ride-sharing services.
While Mexico offers incredible experiences, understanding and respecting the potential risks is essential for a safe and enjoyable trip. The travel advisory isn’t meant to discourage travel, but to encourage informed decision-making.
How do you say be careful in Mexico?
In Mexico, you’d say “Ten cuidado” (informal, like to a friend) or “Tenga cuidado” (formal, like to a stranger or elder). Pronunciation is key: “tehn kwee-DAH-doh” and “TEHN-gah kwee-DAH-doh” respectively.
Beyond the basics, being careful in Mexico for an active traveler means paying close attention to your surroundings. Be aware of petty theft, especially in crowded areas. Keep valuables secure and avoid displaying expensive jewelry or electronics. Always be mindful of your belongings, especially when using public transport.
Water safety is crucial. Only drink bottled water and avoid ice in drinks unless you’re certain of the source’s purity. If you’re hiking or engaging in outdoor activities, be aware of the terrain and weather conditions. Sudden downpours can create flash floods, and trails can be uneven or poorly marked. Check the forecast and pack accordingly.
Learn some basic Spanish phrases – it can greatly enhance your experience and interactions with locals. While many people in tourist areas speak English, knowing even a little Spanish shows respect and can help you avoid misunderstandings. And remember, local knowledge is invaluable; consider hiring a guide for more remote or challenging activities.
Finally, be street smart. Avoid walking alone at night in less populated areas, and be wary of overly friendly strangers. Trust your instincts; if something feels wrong, it probably is.
What is the safest Mexican city to visit?
Choosing the “safest” city is subjective, but certain areas boast lower crime rates and robust tourist infrastructure. Focusing on safety *and* experience, I’d highlight these regions:
The Yucatan Peninsula: This is a classic choice. Cancun, Playa del Carmen, and Tulum offer stunning beaches, excellent resorts, and readily available services. However, be mindful of petty theft in crowded areas. Mérida, the state capital, provides a more authentic cultural immersion, with a slower pace and a rich history. It’s safer statistically, but less focused on beach tourism.
- Cancun: High tourist density equals high police presence, but stick to well-lit and populated areas at night.
- Playa del Carmen: Vibrant nightlife, but exercise caution, particularly near the Quinta Avenida at night.
- Tulum: A more bohemian vibe, but still attracts crowds. Be aware of your surroundings, especially on less frequented beaches.
- Mérida: A safer, more relaxed option offering a deeper cultural experience.
The Pacific Coast: Offers a different atmosphere. Puerto Vallarta is a classic resort town, balancing luxury with a traditional Mexican feel. Huatulco offers quieter beaches and a more laid-back atmosphere. Ensenada, near the US border, is a great option for those wanting a blend of Mexican and American cultures, but be aware of potential border-related issues.
- Puerto Vallarta: Generally safe, but like any tourist destination, be vigilant against pickpockets and scams.
- Huatulco: Known for its relative tranquility and stunning natural beauty. Crime rates tend to be lower here.
- Ensenada: Offers a unique experience, but requires more awareness of the surroundings, especially at night.
Important Note: No place is entirely risk-free. Regardless of your chosen destination, always maintain situational awareness, avoid displaying expensive jewelry, and use reputable transportation services.
Where are the cartel areas in Mexico to avoid?
Planning a trip to Mexico? Be aware that several states are extremely dangerous due to significant cartel activity. The U.S. State Department advises against all travel to areas controlled by the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG). This includes, but isn’t limited to, Colima, Guerrero, Michoacán, and Zacatecas. These states experience high rates of violence, including kidnappings, extortion, and armed confrontations. While tourist areas in these states might seem safe, venturing outside designated zones dramatically increases your risk. Even within seemingly safe zones, the potential for unpredictable violence exists. Before travelling to *any* region in Mexico, meticulously research current safety advisories from your government and reliable news sources. Prioritize your safety and avoid areas with known high levels of cartel presence; your trip’s success depends on responsible planning and awareness.