Tourism development offers a multitude of benefits for local populations, extending far beyond simple economic gains. While the influx of tourists undeniably boosts economic activity – stimulating demand for local goods and services, creating jobs across various sectors from hospitality to crafts, and generating revenue that can improve infrastructure and living standards – the impact is far more nuanced. It’s not just about hotels and restaurants; tourism can revitalize traditional industries, preserving local culture and heritage through the creation of artisan markets and cultural experiences. This fosters a sense of pride and identity, empowering communities to showcase their unique traditions. Moreover, exposure to diverse cultures broadens perspectives, fostering cross-cultural understanding and tolerance. However, it’s crucial to manage tourism responsibly to avoid negative consequences. Sustainable practices are key to ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed and the environment is protected. Careful planning, local participation in decision-making, and the implementation of effective environmental policies are essential to maximizing the positive impacts while mitigating potential downsides, such as inflation, environmental damage, and cultural commodification.
Why is it important to incorporate local culture into community development?
Incorporating local culture is crucial for vibrant rural community development because it fuels a powerful sense of place and shared identity. This isn’t just some fluffy concept; it’s the bedrock for effective planning. Imagine trekking through a region – the unique architecture, the local crafts, the traditional storytelling – all contribute to an unforgettable experience. Similarly, preserving and celebrating this cultural heritage within community development initiatives builds strong social capital. Shared traditions and values, reflected in everything from community festivals to local food systems, create a sense of belonging and collective efficacy. This shared understanding simplifies collaborative efforts, paving the way for more successful projects, boosting community resilience and attracting responsible tourism. Think of it as sustainable development with a human face: protecting local customs, promoting cultural tourism, and supporting local artisans directly improves livelihoods and environmental stewardship. A strong cultural identity acts as a natural attractor for like-minded individuals, fostering innovation and economic diversification – key ingredients for a thriving community, perfect for exploring on a cycling tour or hiking expedition.
How does tourism affect the local population?
Tourism’s impact on locals is a complex double-edged sword. While the influx of visitors can create a lively atmosphere, boosting local businesses and potentially improving infrastructure through increased tax revenue, the reality is often more nuanced.
Overcrowding is a major concern. The constant presence of tourists can lead to frustration among residents, particularly in popular areas. This can manifest in increased living costs (higher rents, property prices), reduced access to local amenities, and even the displacement of long-term residents who are priced out. I’ve witnessed this firsthand in many popular destinations; the charming, authentic local feel is often lost under the weight of mass tourism.
Increased traffic congestion is another significant negative. Navigating daily life becomes a challenge, impacting commute times and access to essential services. Think of the constant honking and gridlock I experienced in certain cities – not exactly idyllic.
Cultural clashes are inevitable. While cultural exchange can be enriching, misunderstandings and friction can easily arise between tourists and locals if cultural sensitivities aren’t respected. Learning at least basic phrases in the local language and being mindful of local customs can go a long way in mitigating this. I’ve found this especially crucial in less-touristed areas.
On the positive side, responsible tourism can bring economic benefits. However, it’s crucial to ensure these benefits are fairly distributed among the local community and don’t disproportionately favour large corporations at the expense of local businesses and residents. Supporting locally owned businesses and engaging respectfully with the local culture is paramount for a positive impact.
- Consider visiting during the shoulder seasons: You’ll experience fewer crowds and potentially lower prices, while still enjoying pleasant weather.
- Explore less-visited areas: Discover hidden gems and authentic local experiences beyond the typical tourist hotspots.
- Support local businesses: Choose locally-owned restaurants, shops, and tour operators to help inject money directly into the community.
- Respect local customs and traditions: Dress appropriately, learn basic phrases, and be mindful of local sensitivities.
Ultimately, the success of tourism hinges on responsible travel practices and sustainable development strategies that prioritize the well-being of local communities alongside economic growth. Failing to do so risks creating destinations that are only attractive to tourists, and ultimately uninhabitable for the people who call them home.
What is the role of local community in tourism development?
Sustainable tourism hinges on active local community involvement. Their participation isn’t merely beneficial; it’s indispensable. Think of it this way: tourists don’t travel to experience sterile, generic hotels – they crave authenticity. Local communities are the custodians of this authenticity, offering unique cultural insights, from traditional crafts and culinary experiences (think of the bustling markets I’ve seen in Marrakech or the intimate cooking classes in Tuscany) to vibrant festivals and age-old traditions often lost in mass-produced tourist traps. This goes beyond mere “add-on products”; it’s the heart of the experience. Furthermore, their intimate knowledge of the environment is crucial for eco-conscious tourism. I’ve witnessed firsthand in the Amazon rainforest and the Galapagos Islands how locally-led conservation efforts are far more effective and sustainable than top-down approaches. Community participation ensures responsible resource management, minimizing the negative impacts of tourism and maximizing its positive economic and social benefits – a delicate balance I’ve seen skillfully navigated in numerous rural communities across Southeast Asia, for example. Effective community engagement fosters a sense of ownership, protecting local heritage and ensuring the long-term viability and sustainability of the tourism industry itself, something I consistently observed as a key differentiator between flourishing and fading tourist destinations.
What strategies can be implemented to ensure that local communities benefit from tourism development?
Ensuring local communities genuinely benefit from tourism requires a multifaceted approach extending beyond superficial engagement. Responsible hotel management isn’t just about fair wages; it’s about prioritizing local sourcing for supplies, employing local artisans for crafts and décor, and actively participating in community initiatives. This fosters genuine economic interdependence, not mere extraction.
Promoting rural tourism and connection with nature necessitates careful planning. It’s not enough to simply attract tourists; we must protect the very environment that draws them in. This involves investing in sustainable infrastructure, implementing robust waste management systems, and educating visitors about responsible eco-tourism practices, witnessed firsthand in remote regions of Nepal and Costa Rica. Local guides, trained in environmental stewardship, become crucial.
Promoting cultural and heritage tourism demands respect and authenticity. It’s vital to avoid commodifying cultural practices for profit. Instead, empower local communities to showcase their heritage on their own terms. This involves supporting local artists, artisans, and storytellers, as observed in vibrant markets from Marrakech to Jaipur. Collaboration, not exploitation, is paramount.
Promoting local and sustainable gastronomy is about more than just offering exotic dishes. It’s about celebrating local ingredients, supporting local farmers, and teaching visitors about the culinary heritage of a region – a strategy seen successfully across the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia. This boosts the local agricultural economy and provides unique, authentic experiences.
Adopting sustainable construction and operation practices in the tourism sector is an absolute necessity. This includes using locally sourced, eco-friendly building materials, minimizing energy consumption, and implementing responsible waste management – a lesson learned from observing eco-lodges throughout South America and Africa. This ensures a smaller environmental footprint and safeguards the very environment attracting tourists.
What is the benefit of tourism for local people?
Tourism’s impact on local communities goes far beyond the typical postcard image. Improved infrastructure isn’t just about fancy hotels; it often translates to better roads, updated sanitation systems, and even improved healthcare access – benefits enjoyed by everyone, not just tourists. Think cleaner streets, reliable transportation, and more readily available resources.
The creation of new jobs is another significant boon. It’s not just about hotel staff; tourism fuels a diverse range of employment opportunities, from tour guides and artisans showcasing local crafts to restaurant workers and transportation providers. This leads to economic diversification and reduces reliance on single industries.
And the idea of repeat business is crucial. A positive tourist experience fosters loyalty, leading to return visits and sustained economic growth. This long-term perspective is essential for sustainable development, allowing communities to invest in their future and protect their heritage.
However, it’s important to remember that responsible tourism is key. Uncontrolled growth can lead to negative consequences, so careful planning and community involvement are paramount to ensuring that the benefits outweigh the potential drawbacks. This includes protecting the environment, preserving cultural heritage, and ensuring fair wages and working conditions for local employees. Ultimately, successful tourism creates a virtuous cycle: happy tourists lead to a thriving local economy, which in turn creates more reasons for tourists to return.
What are three positive economic benefits of tourism to the local population?
Tourism’s positive impact on local populations is multifaceted and often underestimated. For starters, job creation is a massive boon. Think beyond just hotels; tourism fuels employment in restaurants, transportation, souvenir shops, guiding services, and countless other smaller businesses. This diverse job market provides opportunities for people with various skill sets, from highly skilled professionals to those entering the workforce for the first time.
Beyond direct employment, tourism significantly strengthens the local economy. Increased spending by tourists injects money into the local community, boosting businesses and generating tax revenue. This revenue can then be reinvested in essential services and infrastructure, creating a positive feedback loop of economic growth. This isn’t just about big hotels; think of the ripple effect on smaller family-run restaurants and artisan workshops thriving because of tourist spending.
Finally, the influx of tourism funds can lead to crucial infrastructure development. Improved roads, better sanitation systems, and upgraded communication networks are often byproducts of increased tourism. These improvements benefit not only tourists but also the local population, enhancing their quality of life and fostering long-term sustainable development. I’ve seen firsthand in numerous destinations how improved infrastructure, funded by tourism, has drastically improved local communities’ daily lives. It’s not just about fancy resorts; it’s about essential services making a tangible difference.
What is the relationship between tourism and local communities?
Tourism’s impact on local communities is complex. While it can undeniably boost economies and preserve cultural heritage through the demand for traditional crafts, performances, and historical site preservation, it’s crucial to remember that this relationship is a double-edged sword. Increased tourism often leads to rising cost of living, particularly in housing, pushing locals out of their own communities. Authentic cultural experiences can become commodified, leading to inauthentic representations for the sake of profit. Responsible tourism, emphasizing respectful interaction, fair compensation for local businesses and individuals, and minimizing environmental impact, is paramount to ensure a mutually beneficial relationship. Supporting locally owned businesses and choosing accommodations that prioritize community engagement rather than large international chains directly contributes to a more equitable distribution of tourism’s benefits. Learning a few basic phrases in the local language shows respect and fosters genuine connection. Understanding local customs and respecting religious practices demonstrates sensitivity and avoids unintentional offense. Ultimately, a successful tourism model involves collaboration and understanding, ensuring the preservation of local cultures alongside economic growth.
Why is it important to protect local culture?
Protecting local culture is vital because it’s the bedrock of a nation’s identity, offering a unique perspective to the world. Think of it as a living museum – preserving historical sites, ancient buildings, sacred shrines, and significant landmarks offers a tangible connection to the past, enriching the present. This isn’t just about dusty artifacts; it’s about understanding the evolution of traditions, beliefs, and artistic expressions. For travelers, experiencing authentic cultural practices – from traditional music and dance performances to local culinary traditions and age-old craftsmanship – provides far more enriching experiences than generic tourist traps. Supporting local artisans and businesses directly contributes to the preservation of these cultural treasures, ensuring their survival for future generations. Beyond tourism, preserving cultural heritage fosters a sense of community pride and belonging, strengthening social cohesion within a nation.
What is the role of local bodies in tourism development?
Local bodies are the unsung heroes of successful tourism. Their role isn’t simply about rubber-stamping developments; it’s about strategic stewardship. They’re the gatekeepers, determining the kind of tourism a region attracts – eco-tourism in a fragile ecosystem, adventure tourism in a mountainous area, or cultural tourism in a historic city. This means carefully considering carrying capacity; over-tourism can ruin even the most beautiful destinations. Think Venice, overrun with cruise ships, or overcrowded national parks losing their charm. Local bodies need to actively manage this, ensuring sustainable development that benefits the community without compromising its essence.
The “pace” aspect is equally crucial. Rushed development often leads to infrastructure problems, environmental damage, and a diluted tourist experience. Smart planning, with phased rollouts and careful consideration of the local infrastructure, is essential. This often involves collaboration with local businesses and communities – ensuring that the benefits of tourism are shared equitably. I’ve seen firsthand how communities thrive when tourism is integrated responsibly into their lives, offering economic opportunities without displacing traditional livelihoods. The flip side is equally important: unsustainable tourism can lead to resentment and conflict.
Beyond the strategic planning, local bodies have a critical role in tourism awareness. This goes beyond simple marketing; it’s about educating both residents and visitors. Locals need to understand how tourism impacts their community, both positively (economic benefits, infrastructure improvements) and negatively (increased traffic, price inflation, cultural changes). Similarly, tourists need information on responsible travel – respecting local customs, protecting the environment, and supporting local businesses fairly. Successful tourism involves a harmonious relationship between visitors and residents – something that’s often overlooked.
Effective tourism awareness programs can be crucial in mitigating the negative impacts. This could range from promoting sustainable practices among tourists to educating locals on the economic value of preserving cultural heritage. A well-informed community and well-educated tourists are the key to long-term tourism success, ensuring both preservation and prosperity. I’ve witnessed places where this balance is struck beautifully – creating a truly enriching experience for both the traveler and the local community.
Why is local tourism important to the economy?
Local tourism’s economic impact is far-reaching. It’s not just about boosting GDP; it’s about creating a vibrant, resilient community. Job creation is a cornerstone, supporting everything from hospitality and guiding to artisan crafts and transportation. This, in turn, strengthens the local economy, injecting revenue directly into businesses owned and operated by residents, rather than siphoning it off to large, external corporations.
Furthermore, the revenue generated often funds crucial local infrastructure development. Think improved roads, renovated historical sites, better public transportation – all benefiting both tourists and locals alike. I’ve seen firsthand how a thriving tourism sector can revitalize neglected areas, transforming them into attractive destinations.
Beyond the immediate economic benefits, local tourism plays a vital role in conservation. Sustainable tourism practices, when properly implemented, can incentivize the protection of natural environments and cultural assets. Communities learn to value their heritage, preserving traditions and unique landscapes for future generations. This is particularly important in areas with fragile ecosystems or unique cultural practices. I’ve witnessed this firsthand in numerous remote communities where tourism has been a catalyst for environmental protection initiatives.
- Reduced Poverty and Inequality: Tourism provides opportunities for marginalized communities to participate in the economy, creating pathways out of poverty and promoting more equitable distribution of wealth. Often, local businesses are directly involved in tourism activities, giving them a competitive advantage.
However, it’s crucial to manage growth responsibly. Over-tourism can negatively impact destinations, diluting authenticity and placing undue stress on resources. Therefore, a balanced approach, prioritizing sustainable practices and community engagement, is key to maximizing local tourism’s positive impact.
How does tourism interconnect people and places?
Tourism acts as a powerful catalyst for global interconnectedness, far exceeding simple travel. It’s a vibrant exchange, weaving together disparate human experiences and forging unexpected bonds.
Cultural Immersion: Beyond sightseeing, tourism fosters genuine cultural immersion. Imagine yourself, not just observing a Balinese dance performance, but participating in a gamelan rehearsal, learning the intricate hand movements, and sharing stories with the musicians over a cup of Kopi Luwak. This isn’t just seeing a different culture; it’s becoming a part of it, however briefly.
Economic Interdependence: The economic ripple effect is substantial. Tourism sustains countless local businesses, from family-run guesthouses in rural Nepal to artisan workshops in Marrakech. This creates jobs, preserves traditional crafts, and empowers communities to retain their cultural heritage, preventing homogenization.
Breaking Down Barriers: Tourism challenges preconceived notions and stereotypes. Meeting people from diverse backgrounds firsthand dismantles prejudice, fostering understanding and empathy. I’ve personally witnessed this countless times – a shared laugh over a miscommunication, a spontaneous act of kindness, a deeply moving conversation that transcends language barriers. These human connections are the true essence of travel.
Environmental Awareness: Responsible tourism is crucial. While travel has an environmental footprint, it can also spark environmental awareness. Witnessing the beauty of the Amazon rainforest firsthand can ignite a passion for its preservation. This awareness can translate into support for conservation efforts and sustainable tourism practices.
- Enhanced understanding of global issues: Tourism offers a unique perspective on pressing global issues like climate change, poverty, and human rights. Seeing the impact of these issues firsthand can foster a stronger commitment to finding solutions.
- Personal growth and development: Stepping outside of one’s comfort zone, navigating unfamiliar environments, and engaging with different cultures leads to personal growth, increased resilience, and expanded perspectives. I’ve personally found this to be invaluable in my life.
- Direct interaction with local communities breaks down stereotypes and fosters understanding.
- Support for local businesses contributes to economic development in often under-resourced areas.
- Exposure to diverse viewpoints broadens perspectives and promotes cross-cultural dialogue.
Beyond the postcard: Tourism, when experienced thoughtfully, is far more than simply ticking off destinations on a list. It’s about building bridges between people and places, fostering empathy, and contributing to a more interconnected and understanding world.
What are two ways tourism can empower the local community?
Tourism’s empowerment of local communities is multifaceted. Job creation isn’t just about filling hotel vacancies; it extends to guiding, artisan crafts, transportation, and countless other niche services, often providing crucial income for underserved groups like women and rural populations. I’ve witnessed firsthand the transformative impact of locally-owned guesthouses and restaurants, injecting vital funds directly into communities often bypassed by larger corporations.
Beyond direct economic benefits, tourism acts as a powerful engine for cultural preservation. The demand for authentic experiences incentivizes communities to maintain their traditions – from weaving techniques passed down through generations to unique culinary practices. This isn’t merely passive preservation; it’s active engagement, fostering a sense of cultural pride and ownership. I’ve seen vibrant indigenous arts thrive, not in spite of, but because of, the tourism influx, demonstrating the symbiotic relationship between economic viability and cultural survival. The influx of revenue also empowers communities to invest in infrastructure improvements, education, and healthcare – contributing to sustainable, long-term development.
However, it’s crucial to acknowledge the potential pitfalls. Uncontrolled tourism can lead to cultural commodification and environmental degradation. Sustainable tourism practices, prioritizing community involvement and environmental protection, are paramount. Responsible travelers should actively seek out businesses committed to these principles, ensuring a positive and lasting impact.
How can local people’s lives be improved by tourism?
Tourism’s impact on local lives extends far beyond simple economic gains. While job creation in hospitality, transportation, and artisan crafts is undeniably significant, boosting incomes and fostering entrepreneurship, the ripple effect is profound. Think of the multiplier effect: a tourist’s spending isn’t confined to hotels; it supports local farmers supplying restaurants, artisans creating souvenirs, and guides sharing their cultural heritage. This creates a vibrant, interconnected economy, even in remote areas.
Infrastructure improvements, often funded directly or indirectly by tourism revenue, aren’t just about fancy resorts. Improved roads, better sanitation, and reliable utilities benefit everyone, not just tourists. In many developing countries, I’ve witnessed tourism spearheading crucial advancements in healthcare and education. It’s a catalyst for progress.
Beyond the tangible, tourism fosters a fascinating exchange of cultures. While there are potential downsides, responsible tourism can revitalize traditional arts and crafts, preserving them for future generations. I’ve seen firsthand how cultural events and festivals, often supported by tourism, strengthen community bonds, fostering a sense of local pride and shared identity. This social cohesion is invaluable.
Finally, and critically, sustainable tourism can be a powerful force for environmental conservation. Ecotourism initiatives, for example, directly link conservation efforts to revenue generation, creating a powerful incentive to protect natural resources. I’ve seen communities actively involved in protecting endangered species and preserving fragile ecosystems, driven by the economic benefits tourism provides. It’s a win-win for both people and planet.
What are 3 potential positive economic impacts of tourism on a host environment?
Tourism’s positive economic impacts are huge for adventure seekers like me! Beyond the obvious job creation and income generation, it supercharges infrastructure development. Think about it:
- Improved Access: Better roads, trails, and even airports open up incredible new areas for exploration. I’ve benefited from this firsthand, reaching remote hiking spots previously inaccessible. This infrastructure isn’t just for tourists; locals get better access to healthcare, education, and markets too.
- Enhanced Amenities: Tourism often pushes for better utilities – reliable electricity and clean water – benefiting both visitors and residents. Imagine trekking to a mountain hut and finding solar panels powering a charging station! That’s a direct benefit of tourism investment.
- Communication Boost: Reliable telecommunications are crucial for safety and sharing experiences. A strong cell signal can be a lifesaver on a solo backpacking trip. Tourism development often leads to improved networks, benefiting everyone in the region.
It’s a win-win; the economic stimulus fuels improvements that benefit both adventurous travellers and the local communities.
How can tourism boost the economy of local communities?
Tourism isn’t just sightseeing; it’s a powerful economic engine for local communities. Think about it: every trek, every kayaking trip, every night spent in a local guesthouse pumps money directly into the area.
Direct economic impacts are huge:
- Accommodation: From budget hostels to luxurious eco-lodges, tourism creates demand.
- Food & Drink: Local restaurants and markets thrive on tourist spending. This supports farmers and food producers directly, leading to fresher, more diverse offerings.
- Transportation: Guides, taxis, rental companies, and even public transport systems benefit from the influx of travelers. This often encourages improvements in accessibility and infrastructure.
- Activities & Experiences: Hiking tours, wildlife safaris, cultural events – these all generate income for local operators and create unique opportunities.
- Souvenirs & Crafts: Supporting local artisans keeps traditional skills alive and provides a unique shopping experience for tourists.
Beyond the immediate spending, tourism has wider ripple effects:
- Job creation: From hotel staff to tour guides to souvenir sellers, tourism is a major employer, often providing opportunities for previously marginalized communities.
- Infrastructure development: Increased tourism often leads to improvements in roads, utilities, and communication networks – benefiting both locals and visitors.
- Improved public services: Increased tax revenue can fund better schools, healthcare, and other essential services.
- Preservation of cultural heritage: Tourism can incentivize the preservation of historical sites, traditional practices, and local languages.
However, responsible tourism is crucial. Over-tourism can negatively impact the environment and local culture. Sustainable practices ensure long-term economic benefits and preserve the very essence that attracts tourists in the first place. Supporting locally owned businesses and minimizing environmental impact is key to maximizing the positive economic effects.
How can tourism affect local culture?
Tourism’s impact on local culture is multifaceted and often paradoxical. While it can foster enriching cultural exchange, it can also lead to homogenization and the erosion of unique traditions.
Positive Impacts:
- Cultural Revitalization: Tourism revenue can be reinvested in preserving cultural heritage sites, traditional arts, and crafts, preventing their decline.
- Economic Empowerment: Tourism creates diverse employment opportunities, from hospitality and guiding to artisan crafts and local food production, boosting local economies, particularly in previously disadvantaged areas. I’ve seen this firsthand in remote villages across Southeast Asia where tourism has lifted entire communities out of poverty.
- Cross-Cultural Understanding: The interaction between tourists and locals facilitates a genuine exchange of ideas, beliefs, and practices. This can lead to a deeper appreciation of different cultures on both sides, challenging preconceptions and promoting tolerance. During my travels through South America, I witnessed countless instances of genuine connection born from this intercultural exchange.
- Innovation and Creativity: The demand for tourist experiences often sparks innovation in local arts, cuisine, and entertainment, creating unique hybrid cultural expressions. I’ve seen this particularly in the fusion cuisine found in many major tourist hubs across the globe.
Negative Impacts:
- Commodification of Culture: Authentic cultural practices can be transformed into staged performances tailored for tourists, losing their original meaning and significance. This “Disneyfication” of culture is a serious concern that I’ve observed repeatedly across many tourist destinations.
- Cultural Homogenization: The influx of tourists can pressure locals to adopt Westernized lifestyles and consumer habits, leading to the gradual erosion of traditional ways of life. This is especially prevalent in rapidly developing tourist hotspots.
- Environmental Degradation: Unsustainable tourism practices can damage the natural environment, which is often intrinsically linked to local culture and livelihoods. This is a widespread issue, requiring careful management and responsible tourism practices.
- Social Disruption: Rapid tourism growth can strain local infrastructure, resources, and social harmony, leading to increased inequality and resentment towards tourists. I’ve seen this firsthand in several over-touristed destinations.
Mitigation Strategies: Responsible and sustainable tourism practices, involving community participation and environmental protection, are crucial to minimize negative impacts and maximize the benefits of tourism for local cultures. This includes supporting locally-owned businesses, respecting local customs, and minimizing environmental impact.
How does tourism help local people?
Tourism’s impact on local communities is multifaceted and often profound. Economically, it acts as a powerful engine, stimulating local businesses through increased spending. Think bustling markets overflowing with locally-sourced goods, restaurants thriving on the influx of diners, and countless small enterprises benefiting from the tourist trade. This translates directly into job creation, from guides and hotel staff to artisans and transportation providers – opportunities that are often life-changing for individuals and families. The increased revenue further fuels infrastructure development, leading to improved roads, sanitation, and even better healthcare facilities – benefits extending far beyond the tourist sector itself.
Beyond the purely economic, the social and cultural effects are equally significant. The exposure to diverse cultures fosters understanding and tolerance. The pride in showcasing their heritage motivates communities to preserve their traditions, crafts, and unique stories. Increased interaction with travellers can broaden perspectives and inspire innovation, while the influx of funds often allows for the preservation of historical sites and cultural landmarks, ensuring their legacy for future generations. A successful tourism model promotes a positive feedback loop where economic prosperity directly contributes to a heightened quality of life and stronger social cohesion.
